No that isn't how the OData standard is defined. The filter criteria are URL parameters in a GET request.
URI Conventions (OData Version 2.0) · OData - the Best Way to REST
You can use AND/OR to supply multiple values to a $filter criteria. There are other patterns allowed in $filter as described in the above standard specification document.
If you criteria is very large perhaps consider a batch of multiple GET requests.
Batch Processing (OData Version 2.0) · OData - the Best Way to REST