You didn't say what release you were on, but there are some new features in SPS 09 that might help. First is the profile option in XSODATA. When you use this option it will show you the exact SQL Statement which is generated from the service call. You could then use this SQL statement to test more accurately the call to the underlying view/procedure from the development environment directly.
Another new feature of the debugger in the HANA Studio in SPS 09 is the new XS OData-based debug configuration. It has the option: Debug Also Stored Procedures. This should allow the debugger to stop within a stored procedure being processed via an Odata service. Now I've used this feature for an XSODATA service exit to Stored Procedure. Not sure if it works the same when you have a calculation view in between.